| Heart attack treatment India |
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.[2] Cardiovascular disease includes coronary
artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive
heart disease, rheumatic
heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital
heart disease, valvular heart
disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral
artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.
The
underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease.Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery
disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High blood pressure results
in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of
exercise 6% and obesity 5%.Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.
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Types
There are many
cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as vascular diseases.
·
Coronary
artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and
ischemic heart disease)
·
Peripheral
arterial disease – disease of blood vessels that supply blood
to the arms and legs
·
Cerebrovascular
disease – disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the
brain (includes stroke)
·
Renal
artery stenosis
Risk factors
Genetics
Genetic factors influence the development ofcardiovascular disease in men who are less than 55 years-old and in women who
are less than 65 years old.Cardiovascular disease in a person's parents
increases their risk by 3 fold. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been found to
be associated with cardiovascular disease in genetic association studies,but usually their individual influence is small,
and genetic contributions to cardiovascular disease are poorly understood.
Age
Age is the most important risk factor in developing
cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with
each decade of life. Coronary fatty streaks can begin to form in
adolescence. It is estimated that 82 percent of people who die of coronary
heart disease are 65 and older.Simultaneously, the risk of stroke doubles every
decade after age 55.
Sex
Men are at greater Symtoms of heart disease than
pre-menopausal women. Once past menopause, it has been
argued that a woman's risk is similar to a man's although more recent data from the WHO and UN disputes
this. If a female has diabetes, she is more likely to develop heart
disease than a male with diabetes.
Tobacco
Cigarettes
are the major form of smoked tobacco.Risks to health from tobacco use result
not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to
second-hand smoke.Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to
smoking;however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of
death as never smokers.
Causes and symptoms
- It is a condition in which the lower esophagus sphincter fails to relax.
- There will be difficulty in swallowing solid food and liquids also.
- Chest pain, regurgitation of food will be reported during night.
- Chest pain may occur during ingestion.
- There is another condition called corkscrew Oesophagus, in which un co-ordinated movement of peristalsis of esophagus are seen. Chest pain will be present. These uncoordinated contractions don’t propel food effectively to stomach.
- Usually severe pain will be there, pain increases after the exercise. This may mimic the chest pain.
- I have seen people having this problem even after surgery.
Prevention
Up to 90% of
cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are
avoided. Currently practiced measures to prevent cardiovascular disease
include:
·
Tobacco cessation
and avoidance of second-hand smoke. Smoking cessation reduces risk by
about 35%.
·
A low-fat, low-sugar, high-fiber diet including whole grains and fruit
and vegetables. Dietary interventions are effective in reducing
cardiovascular risk factors over a year, but the longer term effects of such
interventions and their impact on cardiovascular disease events is uncertain.
·
At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of
moderate exercise per week. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation reduces risk
of subsequent cardiovascular events by 26%,] but there
have been few high quality studies of the benefits of exercise training in
people with increased cardiovascular risk but no history of cardiovascular
disease.
·
Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily
limits; People who moderately consume alcoholic drinks have a 25–30% lower risk
of cardiovascular disease. However, people who are genetically predisposed to
consume less alcohol have lower rates of cardiovascular disease] suggesting
that alcohol itself may not be protective.
·
Lower blood pressure, if elevated. A 10 mmHg
reduction in blood pressure reduces risk by about 20%.
·
Decrease non-HDL
cholesterol. Statin treament
reduces cardiovascular mortality by about 31%
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